This research is a new attempt to study the effect of evolution theory on EMPIRICAL ETHICS. In contemporary period the evolutionary ETHICS is placed in three branches: descriptive, prescriptive and meta-ETHICS. The descriptive evolutionary ETHICS tries to modify human’s ethical beliefs in the evolutionary perspective and is more successful in this field than the other two branches. Despite the descriptive evolutionary ETHICS, the prescriptive evolutionary ETHICS and meta-ETHICS deal with normative ETHICS. In this article, by studying the three branches of evolutionary ETHICS and separation of EMPIRICAL ETHICS from ETHICS in its normative sense, we believe that despite accepting the biological effects on ETHICS, there are serious challenges to descriptive evolutionary ETHICS and it seems that this theory cannot survive the potential competitor theories, such as the independent moral thinking. On the other hand, this theory is in a very serious conflict with the principles of religious morality.

Introduction: From a long time ago, benefiting from technology has been an inevitable thing for human interests, which is born and based on science. It can be claimed that there is harmony between ETHICS, science and technology, which promote each other. In this article, the researcher discusses this harmony and compatibility. Material and Methods: The current review study was descriptive and using the study of sources and research keywords among the books and articles published in the databases of Thomson Information Institute, Science Direct and Pub Med. Conclusion: As science and technology continue to advance and become more integrated into our daily lives, ethical considerations become increasingly important. For example, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised questions about the potential implications of creating machines that can make autonomous decisions and take actions. If science and technology were considered as a tool, it should have been able to subjugate humans and influence all aspects of behavior and values. While it has become a problem that eventually becomes aligned with morality by applying reason, and people now seek help from it as a tool.

Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ETHICS in agriculture and ETHICS of agriculture. ETHICS in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ETHICS of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding agricultural ETHICS. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

This article reviews and criticizes Aristotle’ s Eudemian ETHICS based on Anthony Kenny’ s translation. We have tried to show that morality in Aristotle means living good, and his purpose in writing this work is to find an answer to the question “ what is good life and how we can achieve it” an answer in the virtuous tradition of philosophical environment which he is thinking in. Hence the understanding of the nature of what is happiness based on the understanding of the nature of virtue. After examining all the various virtues, he ultimately defines happiness as "full life activity according to complete virtues" (1219 a, 39) and this main virtue includes all other virtues, namely moral virtue and intellectual virtue. Studying and acquainting with such a book for those interested in ethical studies have this advantage that they can examine some of the ethical issues in society from the scope of virtueism.

This article introduces, analyzes, and criticizes the work of Lawrence M. Hinman, ETHICS: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Hinman is a Philosopher of ETHICS in the multimedia learning. He believes that multiculturalism is important factor of nowadays so the most important responsibility of philosophers of ETHICS is prevention of moral conflict. The global communication and information in 21st century needs global tolerance and respect of various nations, cultures, and moralities together because different people and societies have a common human nature and common natural rights that obligate to justice and moral relationship between different people and various societies’ beliefs throughout the world. Moral communication in multiculturalism approach is against racial, gender, national, and ethnic prejudice. Hinman believes in moral dialogue and global learning across different cultures. The book of ETHICS: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory has a proper category of new ethical problems, and the candid standpoint of author is considerable. He has a logical method, and in the end of every part of book there are some questions for evaluation of students learning. So this book is proper for the philosophy of ETHICS in universities.

In the critical review of the book “ETHICS of Management” written by Tomas Klikavar (2010), the present article has paid attention to the general approach of the author, the conceptual tools used, and the way of reasoning. According to the author, management, especially business management, due to the importance it attaches to the survival of the organization, has placed its fundamental principle on increasing benefit and earning profit, therefore, morality is not its fundamental issue, and it can even commit immorality in some cases, according to the necessity of tendencies and dispositions . As a theoretician of management ETHICS, from a historical point of view, the author has tried to show that business management has always been associated with unethical experiences, an experience that has continued until the present day as a kind of modern slavery. He believes that management ETHICS as an inter-discipline, which is considered a branch of management knowledge in terms of its subject, must be more intertwined with philosophy in practice. Finally, although the author has been able to show the inherent contradiction of management, especially business management, with ETHICS and provide a solution based on this, the fact that the author has succeeded in presenting a different theory in the field of “management ETHICS” is a matter of doubt and reflection.

Moral works were extensively composed at the beginning of the fourth century. In this period, some pieces of in-depth research were conducted in the field of ETHICS due to the political and social stability maintained by the Buyid dynasty’s rule on the one hand, and due to the translation movement which provides a great deal of the moral works of other nations for scholars in that century on the other hand. The works on ETHICS in Farsi translated from Pahlavi to Arabic made Iranians’ morals enter into the moral writings of Muslim thinkers. The question arises as to which moral approaches in ancient Iran could contribute to the Islamic world. Using an analytic-library method, this paper first indicates that there are two kinds of Farsi ETHICS (religious Farsi ETHICS and EMPIRICAL Farsi ETHICS) and how they are different. Then, it explains that religious Farsi ETHICS could not get into the Islamic world for three reasons: (1) the works on religious Farsi ETHICS remained untranslated; (2) they were mixed with mythological concepts; and (3) they met political and social opposition. On the contrary, EMPIRICAL Farsi ETHICS could get into the Islamic world and was used by the scholar of that time since (1) it was promoted by scribes and teachers; (2) it was favored by the taste of Eastern people; (3) it was based upon the idea of “Philosophia Perennis”.